Methods for treatment of distraction osteogenesis using PDGF

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for use in osteodistraction procedures. In one embodiment, a method of stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to at least one site of bone distraction.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/026,934, filed Feb. 7, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for use in osteodistraction procedures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Osteodistraction or distraction osteogenesis is the process by which the slow, incremental distraction of fracture callus is used to stimulate and prolong active bone formation, thereby providing a means of bridging what would otherwise be a large bony defect. Distraction osteogenesis is used in the reconstruction of skeletal deformities and the lengthening of bones, such as in the treatment of pediatric limb length inequality.

In osteodistraction procedures, the bone is surgically split in two segments, and the two ends of the bone are gradually moved apart (distraction phase). The rate at which the two bone segments are moved apart is slow enough so that new bone can form in the gap. When the desired length has been reached, a consolidation phase follows.

Whether in the long bones or in the craniofacial skeleton, distraction osteogenesis takes place primarily through intramembranous ossification. Histologic studies have identified 4 stages that result in the eventual formation of mature bone.

Stage I: The intervening gap initially is composed of fibrous tissue (longitudinally oriented collagen with spindle-shaped fibroblasts within a mesenchymal matrix of undifferentiated cells).

Stage II: Slender trabeculae of bone are observed extending from the bony edges. Early bone formation advances along collagen fibers with osteoblasts on the surface of these early bony spicules laying down bone matrix. Histochemically, significantly increased levels of alkaline phosphatase, pyruvic acid, and lactic acid are noted.

Stage III: Remodeling begins with advancing zones of bone apposition and resorption and an increase in the number of osteoclasts.

Stage IV: Early compact cortical bone is formed adjacent to the mature bone of the sectioned bone ends, with increasingly less longitudinally oriented bony spicules; this resembles the normal architecture.

Bone remodeling begins during the consolidation phase and continues over 1-2 years, eventually transforming the regenerated bone into a mature osseous structure similar in size and shape to the adjacent bone. Although the volume of new bone is comparable to that of adjacent bones, animal studies show that mineral content and radiodensity is approximately 30% less, as is the tensile strength of the regenerated segment.

Moreover, delayed consolidation following distraction is a troubling complication. When delayed consolidation occurs, removal of bone fixators is postponed and the risk of other complications, such as infection, is increased.

In view of the problems associated with consolidation and the resulting new bone structure, it would be desirable to provide alternative osteogenic regeneration systems for use in osteodistraction procedures. It would additionally be desirable to provide methods of using alternative osteogenic regeneration systems in osteodistraction procedures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction. The present compositions facilitate and, in some embodiments, accelerate the bone consolidation phase following bone distraction.

In one aspect, a composition of the present invention for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction comprises a solution comprising platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, or about 0.3 mg/ml. The concentration of PDGF within the solution may be within any of the concentration ranges stated above.

In some embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF homodimers and heterodimers, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, PDGF-DD, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, PDGF comprises PDGF-BB. In another embodiment PDGF comprises a recombinant human (rh) PDGF such as recombinant human PDGF-BB (rhPDGF-BB).

In some embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF fragments. In some embodiments rhPDGF-B comprises the following fragments: amino acid sequences 1-31, 1-32, 33-108, 33-109, and/or 1-108 of the entire B chain. The complete amino acid sequence (1-109) of the B chain of PDGF is provided in FIG. 15 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. It is to be understood that the rhPDGF compositions of the present invention may comprise a combination of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109) and fragments thereof. Other fragments of PDGF may be employed such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. In accordance with a embodiment, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least 50% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109).

A biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprises a bone scaffolding material. In some embodiments, a bone scaffolding material comprises calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate, in some embodiments, comprises β-tricalcium phosphate. In some embodiments, a bone scaffolding material comprises collagen or other biocompatible polymeric materials.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder. The PDGF solution may have a concentration of PDGF as described above. A bone scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises a calcium phosphate. In some embodiments, a calcium phosphate comprises a β-tricalcium phosphate. Moreover, in some embodiments, a biocompatible binder comprises a material operable to promote adhesion between combined substances. A biocompatible binder, for example, can promote adhesion between particles of a scaffolding material in the formation of a biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, for example, a biocompatible binder comprising collagen can promote adhesion between β-TCP particles of a scaffolding material.

In some embodiments, biocompatible matrices include calcium phosphate particles with or without biocompatible binders or bone allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA), mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA), or particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM). In another embodiment, biocompatible matrices comprise bone allograft such as DFDBA, DBM, or other bone allograft materials including cortical bone shapes, such as blocks, wedges, cylinders, or particles, or cancellous bone particles of various shapes and sizes.

Moreover, a biocompatible binder, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprises proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, synthetic polymers, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder comprises collagen. In another embodiment, a biocompatible binder comprises collagen, such as bovine collagen or human collagen.

In some embodiments of the present invention, compositions for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction further comprise at least one contrast agent. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments of the present invention, are substances operable to at least partially provide differentiation of two or more bodily tissues when imaged and can assist in placement of compositions described herein in sites of distraction. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments, comprise cationic contrast agents, anionic contrast agents, nonionic contrast agents, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, contrast agents comprise radiopaque contrast agents. Radiopaque contrast agents, in some embodiments, comprise iodo-compounds including (S)—N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamido isophthalamide (Iopamidol) and derivatives thereof.

The compositions of the invention may be for use in treating a bone during an osteodistraction procedure and/or for use in the manufacture of a medicament useful in treating a bone during an osteodistraction procedure. It is to be understood that the use of the composition may involve any of the compositions and/or methods as described herein. In one embodiment of the invention is the use of a composition comprising a PDGF solution and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix, in the preparation of a medicament useful for stimulating osteogenesis in an osteodistraction procedure. In one embodiment of the invention is the use of a composition comprising a PDGF solution and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix, in the preparation of a medicament useful for accelerating bone consolidation in an osteodistraction procedure.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a biocompatible matrix in a first package and a solution comprising PDGF in a second package. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a predetermined concentration of PDGF. The concentration of PDGF can be predetermined according to the nature of the osteodistraction procedure being performed. Moreover, the amount of biocompatible matrix provided by a kit can be dependent on the nature or classification of the osteodistraction procedure being performed. A syringe can facilitate disposition of the PDGF solution in the biocompatible matrix for application at a surgical site, such as a site of bone distraction.

The present invention additionally provides methods for producing compositions for promoting osteogenesis. In some embodiments, a method for producing a composition comprises providing a solution comprising PDGF, providing a biocompatible matrix, and disposing the solution in the biocompatible matrix.

The present invention additionally provides methods of treating a bone during an osteodistraction procedure, and methods of promoting and/or accelerating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction.

In some embodiments, a method for stimulating and/or accelerating osteogenesis comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying an effective amount of the composition to at least one site of bone distraction. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix is applied during bone distraction. When applied during the bone distraction, the composition may be applied to the site one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more) times during bone distraction. In other embodiments, the composition is applied after bone distraction. When applied after bone distraction, the composition may be applied to the site one or more (e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more) times after bone distraction. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the composition is applied during and after bone distraction.

In some embodiments, a method of stimulating osteogenesis comprises: applying an effective amount of a composition comprising a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix to at least one site of bone distraction. In some embodiments, the composition is applied during the distraction phase of the osteodistraction procedure. In some embodiments, the composition is applied during the consolidation phase of the osteodistraction procedure. In some embodiments, the composition is applied during the distraction and consolidation phases of the osteodistraction procedure. In some embodiments, the method comprises accelerating bone consolidation following bone distraction. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to the site at least twice. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises a porous calcium phosphate. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate comprises β-TCP. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate has interconnected pores. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 microns to about 5000 microns in size. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 microns to about 300 microns in size. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix is resorbable such that at least about 80% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within about one year of being implanted. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate is capable of absorbing an amount of the PDGF solution that is equal to at least about 25% of the weight of the calcium phosphate. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises collagen. In some embodiments, the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a buffer. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix has a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the composition. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises collagen and β-TCP in a ratio of about 20:80. In some embodiments, the composition is injectable.

In a further embodiment, a method for stimulating osteogenesis comprises accelerating bone consolidation following bone distraction, wherein accelerating comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying the composition to a site of bone distraction.

The present invention also provides methods of accelerating bone union following bone distraction. In some embodiments, a method for accelerating bone union following bone distraction comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying an effective amount of the composition to at least one site of bone distraction.

Moreover, the present invention provides methods of performing osteodistraction procedures. In some embodiments, a method of performing an osteodistraction procedure comprises (a) partitioning a bone into a first bone segment and a second bone segment, (b) moving at least one of the first and second bone segments to produce a space between the first and second bone segments, and (c) stimulating osteogenesis in the space, wherein stimulating osteogenesis comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and at least partially applying an effective amount of the composition in the space. In some embodiments, steps (b) and (c) can be repeated as many times as necessary to lengthen the bone any desired amount.

In some embodiments, a method of performing an osteodistraction procedure comprises: (a) partitioning a bone into a first bone segment and a second bone segment; (b) moving at least one of the first and second bone segments to form a space between the first and second bone segments; and (c) stimulating osteogenesis in the space, wherein stimulating osteogenesis comprises applying an effective amount of a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix to the space. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating steps (b) and (c) a number of times necessary to lengthen the bone a desired amount.

In various embodiments, the bone may be lengthened a total of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 12 mm, at least about 15 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 25 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 35 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 75 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 125 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 175 mm, at least about 200 mm. In various embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by at least about 0.1 mm, at least about 0.2 mm, at least about 0.3 mm, at least about 0.4 mm, at least about 0.5 mm, at least about 0.6 mm, at least about 0.7 mm, at least about 0.8 mm, at least about 0.9 mm, at least about 1.0 mm per distraction step (e.g. during step (b) above). In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm per distraction step. In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 0.8 mm to about 1.2 mm per distraction step. In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 1 mm per distraction step. In various embodiments, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25 distraction steps may be performed.

In some embodiments of methods of the present invention, applying a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix comprises injecting the composition in a site of bone distraction. In some embodiments, injecting comprises percutaneous injection of the composition in the distraction site. In another embodiment, the composition is injected into an open or surgically exposed site of bone distraction. In a further embodiment, applying the composition comprises disposing the composition in a site of bone distraction with a spatula or other device.

In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, the composition is applied to the distraction site once. In various embodiments, the composition is applied to the distraction site at least twice, at least three times, at least four times, at least five times, at least six times, at least eight times, at least ten times during the distraction and/or consolidation phases. In various embodiments, the composition may be administered to the distraction site more than once daily, daily, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every six day, every week, or less than once per week during the distraction and/or consolidation phases.

In some embodiments of methods of the present invention, the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder.

As provided herein, in some embodiments, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the distraction phase of an osteodistraction procedure. In other embodiments, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the consolidation phase following bone distraction. In a further embodiment, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the distraction and consolidation phases.

As provided herein, osteodistraction procedures, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprise those used in the treatment of bilateral mandibular hypoplasia, hemifacial microsomia, congenital short femur, fibular hemimelia, hemiatrophy, achondroplasia, neurofibromatosis, bow legs, growth plate fractures, bone defects, craniofacial applications, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and poliomyelitis. Moreover, osteodistraction procedures, according to some embodiments of the present invention, comprise those used in the treatment of various traumas. Traumas requiring osteodistraction procedures can comprise fractures to long bones of the body including the femur, tibia, fibula, humerous, and/or radius. Traumas requiring osteodistraction procedures can also include fractures to the craniofacial bones. In some embodiments, for example, osteodistraction procedures can be used to lengthen bone in preparation for use with a prosthesis.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide methods and compositions comprising PDGF disposed in a biocompatible matrix useful in facilitating and, in some embodiments, accelerating osteogenesis at sites of bone distraction.

It is another object of the present invention to provide kits for constructing compositions comprising PDGF disposed in a biocompatible matrix, the compositions being useful in facilitating and, in some embodiments, accelerating bone consolidation following bone distraction.

These and other embodiments of the present invention are described in greater detail in the detailed description which follows. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates volume of new bone formation in a distraction procedure as a function of composition administered and healing time according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates fraction of new bone formation in a distraction procedure as a function of composition administered and healing time according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides compositions and methods for stimulating and/or accelerating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction. The present compositions facilitate and, in some embodiments, accelerate the bone union and the bone consolidation phase following bone distraction. In some embodiments, a composition comprises a solution comprising PDGF and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a composition comprises a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix, wherein the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that distraction osteogenesis is distinct from treating fractures, in that the bone segments are gradually moved apart during the distraction phase, thus re-injuring the site repeatedly, and thus keeping the new tissue in early stage bone healing during the distraction phase. During distraction, it is hypothesized that the state of the new tissue is soft, fibrous tissue callus (Phases I-III above), with some bone formation at the ends of the bones being distracted, and treatment of the distraction gap during the distraction phase of the procedure involves treating tissue during Phases I, II, and perhaps Phase III. Additionally, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is hypothesized that normal fracture healing occurs by endocortical ossification (which includes a cartilage intermediate), whereas distraction osteogenesis healing involves primarily intramembranous ossification (no cartilage intermediate).

Turning now to components that can be included in various embodiments of the present invention, compositions of the present invention comprise a solution comprising PDGF.

PDGF Solutions

PDGF plays an important role in regulating cell growth and migration. PDGF, as with other growth factors, is operable to bind with the extracellular domains of receptor tyrosine kinases. The binding of PDGF to these transmembrane proteins activates the kinase activity of their catalytic domains located on the cytosolic side of the membrane. By phosphorylating tyrosine residues of target proteins, the kinases induce a variety of cellular processes that include cell growth and extracellular matrix production.

In one aspect, a composition provided by the present invention comprises a solution comprising platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and a biocompatible matrix, wherein the solution is disposed in the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, from about 0.05 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, or from about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml. PDGF may be present in the solution at any concentration within these stated ranges. In various embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution at any one of the following concentrations: about 0.05 mg/ml; about 0.1 mg/ml; about 0.15 mg/ml; about 0.2 mg/ml; about 0.25 mg/ml; about 0.3 mg/ml; about 0.35 mg/ml; about 0.4 mg/ml; about 0.45 mg/ml; about 0.5 mg/ml, about 0.55 mg/ml, about 0.6 mg/ml, about 0.65 mg/ml, about 0.7 mg/ml; about 0.75 mg/ml; about 0.8 mg/ml; about 0.85 mg/ml; about 0.9 mg/ml; about 0.95 mg/ml; about 1.0 mg/ml; or about 3.0 mg/ml. In some embodiments, PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.2 mg/ml to about 2 mg/ml, from about 0.3 mg/ml to about 3 mg/ml, from about 0.4 mg/ml to about 4 mg/ml, from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 5 mg/ml, from about 0.25 mg/ml to about 0.5 mg/ml, or from about 0.2 mg/ml to about 0.75 mg/ml. It is to be understood that these concentrations are simply examples of particular embodiments, and that the concentration of PDGF may be within any of the concentration ranges stated above.

Various amounts of PDGF may be used in the compositions of the present invention. Amounts of PDGF that could be used include amounts in the following ranges: about 1 ug to about 50 mg, about 10 ug to about 25 mg, about 100 ug to about 10 mg, and about 250 ug to about 5 mg.

The concentration of PDGF or other growth factors in embodiments of the present invention can be determined by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,625, 5,747,273, and 5,290,708, or any other assay known in the art for determining PDGF concentration. When provided herein, the molar concentration of PDGF is determined based on the molecular weight of PDGF dimer (e.g., PDGF-BB; MW about 25 kDa).

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF homodimers and heterodimers, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, PDGF-DD, and mixtures and derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, PDGF comprises PDGF-BB. In another embodiment PDGF comprises a recombinant human PDGF, such as rhPDGF-BB. In some embodiments, PDGF comprises mixtures of the various homodimers and/or heterodimers. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate any combination of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC, and/or PDGF-DD

PDGF, in some embodiments, can be obtained from natural sources. In other embodiments, PDGF can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques. In other embodiments, PDGF or fragments thereof may be produced using peptide synthesis techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis. When obtained from natural sources, PDGF can be derived from biological fluids. Biological fluids, according to some embodiments, can comprise any treated or untreated fluid associated with living organisms including blood.

Biological fluids, in another embodiment, can also comprise blood components including platelet concentrate (PC), apheresed platelets, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma, serum, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), and buffy coat (BC). Biological fluids, in a further embodiment, can comprise platelets separated from plasma and resuspended in a physiological fluid.

When produced by recombinant DNA techniques, a DNA sequence encoding a single monomer (e.g., PDGF B-chain or A-chain), in some embodiments, can be inserted into cultured prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells for expression to subsequently produce the homodimer (e.g. PDGF-BB or PDGF-AA). In other embodiments, a PDGF heterodimer can be generated by inserting DNA sequences encoding for both monomeric units of the heterodimer into cultured prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and allowing the translated monomeric units to be processed by the cells to produce the heterodimer (e.g. PDGF-AB). Commercially available cGMP recombinant PDGF-BB can be obtained commercially from Novartis Corporation (Emeryville, Calif.). Research grade rhPDGF-BB can be obtained from multiple sources including R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.), BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif.), and Chemicon, International (Temecula, Calif.). In some embodiments, monomeric units can be produced in prokaryotic cells in a denatured form, wherein the denatured form is subsequently refolded into an active molecule.

In embodiments of the present invention, PDGF comprises PDGF fragments. In some embodiments rhPDGF-B comprises the following fragments: amino acid sequences 1-31, 1-32, 33-108, 33-109, and/or 1-108 of the entire B chain. The complete amino acid sequence (1-109) of the B chain of PDGF is provided in FIG. 15 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. It is to be understood that the rhPDGF compositions of the present invention may comprise a combination of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109) and fragments thereof. Other fragments of PDGF may be employed such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,516,896. In accordance with one embodiment, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least about 60% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109). In another embodiment, the rhPDGF-BB comprises at least about 65%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% of intact rhPDGF-B (1-109).

In some embodiments of the present invention, PDGF can be purified. Purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having greater than about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation in solutions of the present invention. The solution may be any pharmaceutically acceptable solution. In other embodiments, the PDGF can be substantially purified. Substantially purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having about 5% to about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. In some embodiments, substantially purified PDGF comprises compositions having about 65% to about 95% by weight PDGF prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. In other embodiments, substantially purified PDGF comprises compositions having about 70% to about 95%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, about 85% to about 95%, or about 90% to about 95%, by weight PDGF, prior to incorporation into solutions of the present invention. Purified PDGF and substantially purified PDGF may be incorporated into scaffolds and binders.

In a further embodiment, PDGF can be partially purified. Partially purified PDGF, as used herein, comprises compositions having PDGF in the context of platelet rich plasma (PRP), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), or any other blood product that requires collection and separation to produce PDGF. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate that any of the PDGF isoforms provided herein, including homodimers and heterodimers, can be purified or partially purified. Compositions of the present invention containing PDGF mixtures may contain PDGF isoforms or PDGF fragments in partially purified proportions. Partially purified and purified PDGF, in some embodiments, can be prepared as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/159,533 (Publication No: 20060084602).

In some embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF are formed by solubilizing PDGF in one or more buffers. Buffers suitable for use in PDGF solutions of the present invention can comprise, but are not limited to, carbonates, phosphates (e.g. phosphate buffered saline), histidine, acetates (e.g. sodium acetate), acidic buffers such as acetic acid and HCl, and organic buffers such as lysine, Tris buffers (e.g. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminoethane), N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS). Buffers can be selected based on biocompatibility with PDGF and the buffer's ability to impede undesirable protein modification. Buffers can additionally be selected based on compatibility with host tissues. In some embodiments, sodium acetate buffer is used. The buffers may be employed at different molarities, for example about 0.1 mM to about 100 mM, about 1 mM to about 50 mM, about 5 mM to about 40 mM, about 10 mM to about 30 mM, or about 15 mM to about 25 mM, or any molarity within these ranges. In some embodiments, an acetate buffer (e.g. sodium acetate) is employed at a molarity of about 20 mM.

In another embodiment, solutions comprising PDGF are formed by solubilizing lyophilized PDGF in water, wherein prior to solubilization the PDGF is lyophilized from an appropriate buffer.

Solutions comprising PDGF, according to embodiments of the present invention, can have a pH ranging from about 3.0 to about 8.0. In some embodiments, a solution comprising PDGF has a pH ranging from about 5.0 to about 8.0, more preferably about 5.5 to about 7.0, most preferably about 5.5 to about 6.5, or any value within these ranges. In some embodiments, the pH is about 6.0. The pH of solutions comprising PDGF, in some embodiments, can be compatible with the prolonged stability and efficacy of PDGF or any other desired biologically active agent. PDGF is generally more stable in an acidic environment. Therefore, in accordance with one embodiment the present invention comprises an acidic storage formulation of a PDGF solution. In accordance with this embodiment, the PDGF solution preferably has a pH from about 3.0 to about 7.0, and more preferably from about 4.0 to about 6.5. The biological activity of PDGF, however, can be optimized in a solution having a neutral pH range. Therefore, in a further embodiment, the present invention comprises a neutral pH formulation of a PDGF solution. In accordance with this embodiment, the PDGF solution preferably has a pH from about 5.0 to about 8.0, more preferably about 5.5 to about 7.0, most preferably about 5.5 to about 6.5. In accordance with a method of the present invention, an acidic PDGF solution is reformulated to a neutral pH composition, wherein such composition is then used to promote bone growth at distraction sites in osteodistraction procedures. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the PDGF utilized in the solutions is rhPDGF-BB.

In some embodiments, the pH of the PDGF containing solution may be altered to optimize the binding kinetics of PDGF to a matrix substrate or linker. If desired, as the pH of the material equilibrates to adjacent material, the bound PDGF may become labile.

The pH of solutions comprising PDGF, in some embodiments, can be controlled by the buffers recited herein. Various proteins demonstrate different pH ranges in which they are stable. Protein stabilities are primarily reflected by isoelectric points and charges on the proteins. The pH range can affect the conformational structure of a protein and the susceptibility of a protein to proteolytic degradation, hydrolysis, oxidation, and other processes that can result in modification to the structure and/or biological activity of the protein.

In some embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF can further comprise additional components, such as other biologically active agents. In other embodiments, solutions comprising PDGF can further comprise cell culture media, other stabilizing proteins such as albumin, antibacterial agents, protease inhibitors [e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), aprotinin, ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA), etc.] and/or other growth factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factors (EGFs), transforming growth factors (TGFs), keratinocyte growth factors (KGFs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), hepatocyte growth factors (HGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), or other PDGFs including compositions of PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-AB, PDGF-CC and/or PDGF-DD.

In addition to solutions comprising PDGF, compositions of the present invention also comprise a biocompatible matrix in which to dispose the PDGF solutions and may also comprise a biocompatible binder either with or without a biocompatible matrix.

Biocompatible Matrix

Scaffolding Material

A biocompatible matrix, according to embodiments of the present invention, comprises a scaffolding material. The scaffolding material, according to embodiments of the present invention, provides the framework or scaffold for new tissue and/or bone growth to occur. A scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises multi-directional and interconnected pores of varying diameters. In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises a plurality of pockets and non-interconnected pores of various diameters in addition to the interconnected pores.

A scaffolding material, in some embodiments, comprises at least one calcium phosphate. In other embodiments, a scaffolding material can comprise a plurality of calcium phosphates. Calcium phosphates suitable for use as a scaffolding material, in some embodiments of the present invention, have a calcium to phosphorus atomic ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises allograft such as demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA), particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM), mineralized bone matrix, or combinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of calcium phosphates suitable for use as scaffolding materials comprise amorphous calcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (OHAp), poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), heptacalcium decaphosphate, calcium metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, carbonated calcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, hydroxyapatite, or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises a polymeric material. A polymeric scaffold, in some embodiments, comprises collagen, polylactic acid, poly(L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide), polyglycolic acid, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide), poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polymethylmethacrylate, chitosan, or combinations or derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises porous structure. Porous scaffolding materials, according to some embodiments, can comprise pores having diameters ranging from about 1 μm to about 1 mm. In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm or greater. In another embodiment, a scaffolding material comprises mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to about 100 μm. In a further embodiment, a scaffolding material comprises micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm. Embodiments of the present invention contemplate scaffolding materials comprising macropores, mesopores, and micropores or any combination thereof.

A porous scaffolding material, in some embodiments, has a porosity greater than about 25% or greater than about 40%. In another embodiment, a porous scaffolding material has a porosity greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%. In a further embodiment, a porous scaffolding material has a porosity greater than about 90%. In some embodiments, a porous scaffolding material comprises a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the scaffolding material.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises a plurality of particles. Scaffolding particles may be mm, μm, or submicron (nm) in size. Scaffolding particles, in some embodiments, have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, particles have an average diameter ranging from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, from about 1 mm to about 3 mm, or from about 250 μm to about 750 μm. Scaffolding particles, in another embodiment, have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. In a further embodiment, scaffolding particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In additional embodiments, scaffolding particles have an average diameter less than about 25 μm, less than about 1 μm, or less than about 1 mm. In some embodiments, scaffolding particles have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 5 mm or from about 100 μm to about 3 mm. In other embodiments, scaffolding particles have an average diameter ranging from about 250 μm to about 2 mm, from about 250 μm to about 1 mm, or from about 200 μm to about 3 mm. Particles may also be in the range of about 1 nm to about 1 μm, less than about 500 nm, or less than about 250 nm.

Scaffolding materials, according to some embodiments, are moldable, extrudable and/or injectable. Moldable, extrudable, and/or injectable scaffolding materials can facilitate efficient placement of compositions of the present invention in and around sites of bone distraction. In some embodiments, moldable, extrudable, and/or injectable scaffolding materials are applied to sites of bone distraction with a spatula or equivalent device. In some embodiments, scaffolding materials are flowable. Flowable scaffolding materials, in some embodiments, can be applied to a site of bone distraction through a syringe and needle or cannula. In some embodiments, the flowable scaffolding materials can be applied to a site of bone distraction percutaneously. In other embodiments, flowable scaffolding materials can be applied to a surgically exposed site of bone distraction. Moreover, in some embodiments, scaffolding materials are provided as blocks or particles.

In some embodiments, scaffolding materials are bioresorbable. A scaffolding material, in some embodiments, can be at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% resorbed within one year subsequent to in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a scaffolding material can be resorbed at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% or 90% within about 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 18 months of in vivo implantation. In some embodiments, scaffolding materials are greater than 90% resorbed within about 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 18 months of in vivo implantation. Bioresorbability will be dependent on: (1) the nature of the matrix material (i.e., its chemical make up, physical structure and size); (2) the location within the body in which the matrix is placed; (3) the amount of matrix material that is used; (4) the metabolic state of the patient (diabetic/non-diabetic, osteoporotic, smoker, old age, steroid use, etc.); (5) the extent and/or type of injury treated; and (6) the use of other materials in addition to the matrix such as other bone anabolic, catabolic and anti-catabolic factors.

Scaffolding Comprising β-Tricalcium Phosphate

A scaffolding material for use as a biocompatible matrix, in some embodiments, comprises β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). β-TCP, according to some embodiments, can comprise a porous structure having multidirectional and interconnected pores of varying diameters. In some embodiments, β-TCP comprises a plurality of pockets and non-interconnected pores of various diameters in addition to the interconnected pores. The porous structure of β-TCP, in some embodiments, comprises macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm or greater, mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to about 100 μm, and micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm. Macropores and mesopores of the β-TCP can facilitate tissue in-growth including osteoinduction and osteoconduction while macropores, mesopores and micropores can permit fluid communication and nutrient transport to support tissue and bone regrowth, throughout the β-TCP biocompatible matrix.

In comprising a porous structure, β-TCP, in some embodiments, can have a porosity greater than about 25%, or greater than about 40%. In other embodiments, β-TCP can have a porosity greater than about 50%, greater than about 60%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%. In a further embodiment, β-TCP can have a porosity greater than about 90%. In some embodiments, β-TCP can have a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the β-TCP.

In some embodiments, a scaffolding material comprises β-TCP particles. β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can individually demonstrate any of the pore diameters, pore structures, and porosities provided herein for scaffolding materials.

β-TCP particles, in some embodiments have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, from about 1 mm to about 3 mm, from about 100 μm to about 5 mm, from about 100 μm to about 3 mm, from about 250 μm to about 2 mm, from about 250 μm to about 750 μm, from about 250 μm to about 1 mm, from about 250 μm to about 2 mm, or from about 200 μm to about 3 mm. In another embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter of less than about 25 μm, less than about 1 μm, or less than about 1 mm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 1 μm. In a further embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter less than about 500 nm or less than about 250 nm.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can be provided in a shape suitable for implantation (e.g., a sphere, a cylinder, or a block). In other embodiments, a β-TCP scaffolding material is moldable, extrudable, and/or injectable thereby facilitating application of the matrix to sites of bone distraction. Flowable matrices may be applied through syringes, tubes, cannulas, or spatulas.

A β-TCP scaffolding material, according to some embodiments, is bioresorbable. In some embodiments, a β-TCP scaffolding material can be at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or 85% resorbed about one year subsequent to in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a β-TCP scaffolding material can be greater than about 90% resorbed about one year subsequent to in vivo implantation.

Scaffolding Material and Biocompatible Binder

In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprises a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder.

Biocompatible binders, according to some embodiments, can comprise materials operable to promote cohesion between combined substances. A biocompatible binder, for example, can promote adhesion between particles of a scaffolding material in the formation of a biocompatible matrix. In certain embodiments, the same material may serve as both a scaffolding material and binder. In some embodiments, for example, polymeric materials described herein such as collagen and chitosan may serve as both a scaffolding material and a binder.

Biocompatible binders, in some embodiments, can comprise collagen, elastin, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, polypeptides, poly(α-hydroxy acids), poly(lactones), poly(amino acids), poly(anhydrides), polyurethanes, poly(orthoesters), poly(anhydride-co-imides), poly(orthocarbonates), poly(α-hydroxy alkanoates), poly(dioxanones), poly(phosphoesters), polylactic acid, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA), polyglycolide (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), poly(D,L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), polyglycolic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(δ-valerolactone), poly(γ-butyrolactone), poly(caprolactone), polyacrylic acid, polycarboxylic acid, poly(allylamine hydrochloride), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(ethyleneimine), polypropylene fumarate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, carbon fibers, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(ethyloxazoline), poly(ethylene oxide)-co-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate)polyamide, and copolymers and mixtures thereof.

Biocompatible binders, in other embodiments, can comprise alginic acid, arabic gum, guar gum, xantham gum, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, chitosan acetate, chitosan lactate, chondroitin sulfate, N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan, a dextran (e.g., α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin, or sodium dextran sulfate), fibrin glue, lecithin, phosphatidylcholine derivatives, glycerol, hyaluronic acid, sodium hyaluronate, a cellulose (e.g., methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, or hydroxyethyl cellulose), a glucosamine, a proteoglycan, a starch (e.g., hydroxyethyl starch or starch soluble), lactic acid, pluronic acids, sodium glycerophosphate, glycogen, a keratin, silk, and derivatives and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder is water-soluble. A water-soluble binder can dissolve from the biocompatible matrix shortly after its implantation, thereby introducing macroporosity into the biocompatible matrix. Macroporosity, as discussed herein, can increase the osteoconductivity of the implant material by enhancing the access and, consequently, the remodeling activity of the osteoclasts and osteoblasts at the implant site.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder can be present in a biocompatible matrix in an amount ranging from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the matrix. In other embodiments, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 40 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 15 weight percent to about 35 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In a further embodiment, a biocompatible binder can be present in an amount of about 20 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a biocompatible binder can be present in a biocompatible matrix in an amount greater than about 50 weight percent or 60 weight percent of the matrix. In some embodiments, a biocompatible binder can be present in a biocompatible matrix in an amount up to about 99 weight percent of the matrix.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, according to some embodiments, can be flowable, moldable, and/or extrudable. In such embodiments, a biocompatible matrix can be in the form of a paste or putty. A biocompatible matrix in the form of a paste or putty, in some embodiments, can comprise particles of a scaffolding material adhered to one another by a biocompatible binder.

A biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form can be molded into the desired implant shape or can be molded to the contours of the implantation site. In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form can be injected into an implantation site with a syringe or cannula.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form does not harden and retains a flowable and moldable form subsequent to implantation. In other embodiments, a paste or putty can harden subsequent to implantation, thereby reducing matrix flowability and moldability.

A biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder, in some embodiments, is bioresorbable. A biocompatible matrix, in such embodiments, can be resorbed within about one year of in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder can be resorbed within about 1, 3, 6, or 9 months of in vivo implantation. In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix comprising a scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder can be resorbed within about 1, 3, or 6 years of in vivo implantation. Bioresorbablity will be dependent on: (1) the nature of the matrix material (i.e., its chemical make up, physical structure and size); (2) the location within the body in which the matrix is placed; (3) the amount of matrix material that is used; (4) the metabolic state of the patient (diabetic/non-diabetic, osteoporotic, smoker, old age, steroid use, etc.); (5) the extent and/or type of injury treated; and (6) the use of other materials in addition to the matrix such as other bone anabolic, catabolic and anti-catabolic factors.

Biocompatible Matrix Comprising, β-TCP and Collagen

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix can comprise a β-TCP scaffolding material and a biocompatible collagen binder. β-TCP scaffolding materials suitable for combination with a collagen binder are consistent with those provided hereinabove.

A collagen binder, in some embodiments, comprises any type of collagen, including Type I, Type II, and Type III collagens. In some embodiments, a collagen binder comprises a mixture of collagens, such as a mixture of Type I and Type II collagen. In other embodiments, a collagen binder is soluble under physiological conditions. Other types of collagen present in bone or musculoskeletal tissues may be employed. Recombinant, synthetic and naturally occurring forms of collagen may be used in the present invention.

A biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments, can comprise a plurality of β-TCP particles adhered to one another with a collagen binder. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles for combination with a collagen binder have an average diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 5 mm. In other embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 1 mm to about 2 mm, from about 1 mm to about 3 mm, from about 100 μm to about 5 mm, from about 100 μm to about 3 mm, from about 250 μm to about 2 mm, from about 250 μm to about 750 μm, from about 250 μm to about 1 mm, from about 250 μm to about 2 mm, or from about 200 μm to about 3 mm. In another embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 75 μm to about 300 μm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter of less than about 25 μm, less than about 1 μm, or less than about 1 mm. In some embodiments, β-TCP particles have an average diameter ranging from about 1 nm to about 1 μm. In a further embodiment, β-TCP particles have an average diameter less than about 500 nm or less than about 250 nm.

β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can be adhered to one another by the collagen binder so as to produce a biocompatible matrix having a porous structure. In some embodiments, the porous structure of a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder demonstrates multidirectional and interconnected pores of varying diameters. In some embodiments, a the biocompatible matrix comprises a plurality of pockets and non-interconnected pores of various diameters in addition to the interconnected pores.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can comprise pores having diameters ranging from about 1 μm to about 1 mm. A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can comprise macropores having diameters ranging from about 100 μm to about 1 mm or greater, mesopores having diameters ranging from about 10 μm to 100 μm, and micropores having diameters less than about 10 μm.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can have a porosity greater than about 25%, or greater than about 40%. In various embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can have a porosity greater than about 50%, greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, or greater than about 85%. In a further embodiment, the biocompatible matrix can have a porosity greater than about 90%. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can have a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the matrix.

In some embodiments, the β-TCP particles, can individually demonstrate any of the pore diameters, pore structures, and porosities provided herein for a biocompatible matrix comprising the β-TCP and collagen binder.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles, in some embodiments, can comprise a collagen binder in an amount ranging from about 5 weight percent to about 50 weight percent of the matrix. In other embodiments, a collagen binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 10 weight percent to about 40 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a collagen binder can be present in an amount ranging from about 15 weight percent to about 35 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In a further embodiment, a collagen binder can be present in an amount of about 20 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In another embodiment, a collagen binder is present in an amount of about 20 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix, and β-TCP is present in an amount of about 80 weight percent of the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, the collagen is soluble bovine type I collagen. In some embodiments, the β-TCP comprises granules having a diameter of about 100 to about 300 microns.

In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix is composed of 20% soluble bovine type I collagen and 80% β-TCP granules (100-300 micron particle diameter range) by mass. In some embodiments, the matrix is combined with a liquid formulation of 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB in 20 mM sodium acetate solution, pH 6.0, and the two components mixed to generate a paste that can be injected or spread over a bone surface.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder, according to some embodiments, can be flowable, moldable, and/or extrudable. In such embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can be in the form of a paste or putty. A paste or putty can be molded into the desired implant shape or can be molded to the contours of the implantation site. In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be injected into an implantation site with a syringe or cannula. In various embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be injected into an implantation site through e.g. a 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 gauge needle.

In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix in paste or putty form comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can retain a flowable and moldable form when implanted. In other embodiments, the paste or putty can harden subsequent to implantation, thereby reducing matrix flowability and moldability.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder, in some embodiments, can be provided in a predetermined shape such as a block, sphere, or cylinder.

A biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be resorbable. In some embodiments, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be at least about 75% resorbed about one year subsequent to in vivo implantation. In another embodiment, a biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP particles and a collagen binder can be greater than about 90% resorbed about one year subsequent to in vivo implantation.

In some embodiments, a solution comprising PDGF can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix to produce a composition for use in osteodistraction procedures.

Disposing a PDGF Solution in a Biocompatible Matrix

The present invention provides methods for producing compositions for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction. In some embodiments, a method for producing such compositions comprises providing a solution comprising PDGF, providing a biocompatible matrix, and disposing the solution in the biocompatible matrix. PDGF solutions and biocompatible matrices suitable for combination are consistent with those described hereinabove.

In some embodiments, a PDGF solution can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix by soaking the biocompatible matrix in the PDGF solution. A PDGF solution, in another embodiment, can be disposed in a biocompatible matrix by injecting the biocompatible matrix with the PDGF solution. In some embodiments, injecting a PDGF solution can comprise disposing the PDGF solution in a syringe and expelling the PDGF solution into the biocompatible matrix to saturate the biocompatible matrix.

In some embodiments, the PDGF is absorbed into the pores of the biocompatible matrix. In some embodiments, the PDGF is adsorbed onto one or more surfaces of the biocompatible matrix, including surfaces within pores of the biocompatible matrix.

In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of liquid comprising PDGF that is equal to at least about 25% of the weight of the biocompatible matrix. In various embodiments, the biocompatible matrix is capable of absorbing an amount of liquid comprising PDGF that is equal to at least about 50%, at least about 200%, at least about 300% of the weight of the biocompatible matrix.

The biocompatible matrix, according to some embodiments, can be in a predetermined shape, such as a brick or cylinder, prior to receiving a PDGF solution. Subsequent to receiving a PDGF solution, the biocompatible matrix can have a paste or putty form that is flowable, extrudable, and/or injectable. In other embodiments, the biocompatible matrix can demonstrate a flowable, extrudable, and/or injectable paste or putty form prior to receiving a solution comprising PDGF.

Compositions Further Comprising Biologically Active Agents

Compositions of the present invention, according to some embodiments, can further comprise one or more biologically active agents in addition to PDGF. Biologically active agents that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention, in addition to PDGF, can comprise organic molecules, inorganic materials, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids (e.g., genes, gene fragments, small-interfering ribonucleic acids [si-RNAs] gene regulatory sequences, nuclear transcriptional factors, and antisense molecules), nucleoproteins, polysaccharides (e.g., heparin), glycoproteins, and lipoproteins. Non-limiting examples of biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention, including, e.g., anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, immunosuppressants, enzyme inhibitors, antihistamines, hormones, muscle relaxants, prostaglandins, trophic factors, osteoinductive proteins, growth factors, and vaccines, are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/159,533 (Publication No: 20060084602). Biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention include osteostimulatory factors such as insulin-like growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, or other PDGFs. In accordance with other embodiments, biologically active compounds that can be incorporated into compositions of the present invention preferably include osteoinductive and osteostimulatory factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), BMP mimetics, calcitonin, or calcitonin mimetics, statins, statin derivatives, fibroblast growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, growth-differentiating factors, small molecule or antibody blockers of Wnt antagonists (e.g. sclerostin, DKK, soluble Wnt receptors), and parathyroid hormone. In some embodiments, factors also include protease inhibitors, as well as osteoporotic treatments that decrease bone resorption including bisphosphonates, teriparadide, and antibodies to the activator receptor of the NF-kB (RANK) ligand.

Standard protocols and regimens for delivery of additional biologically active agents are known in the art. Additional biologically active agents can be introduced into compositions of the present invention in amounts that allow delivery of an appropriate dosage of the agent to the implant site. In most cases, dosages are determined using guidelines known to practitioners and applicable to the particular agent in question. The amount of an additional biologically active agent to be included in a composition of the present invention can depend on such variables as the type and extent of the condition, the overall health status of the particular patient, the formulation of the biologically active agent, release kinetics, and the bioresorbability of the biocompatible matrix. Standard clinical trials may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular additional biologically active agent.

A composition of the present invention, according to some embodiments, can further comprise the addition of additional grafting materials with PDGF including autologous bone marrow, autologous platelet extracts, allografts, synthetic bone matrix materials, xenografts, and derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments of the present invention, compositions for stimulating osteogenesis during and/or following bone distraction further comprise at least one contrast agent. Contrast agents, according to embodiments of the present invention, are substances operable to at least partially provide differentiation of two or more bodily tissues when imaged. Contrast agents, according to some embodiments, comprise cationic contrast agents, anionic contrast agents, nonionic contrast agents, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, contrast agents comprise radiopaque contrast agents. Radiopaque contrast agents, in some embodiments, comprise iodo-compounds including (S)—N,N′-bis[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-triiodo-5-lactamidoisophthalamide (lopamidol) and derivatives thereof.

Methods of Stimulating Osteogenesis

In some embodiments, a method for stimulating and/or accelerating osteogenesis comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying an effective amount of the composition to at least one site of bone distraction. In some embodiments, the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix is applied during bone distraction. In other embodiments, the composition is applied after bone distraction. In some embodiments, an effective amount of the composition is applied during and after bone distraction.

The present invention also provides methods of accelerating bone union following bone distraction. In some embodiments, a method for accelerating bone union following bone distraction comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and applying an effective amount of the composition to at least one site of bone distraction.

The present invention additionally provides methods of performing osteodistraction procedures. In some embodiments, a method of performing an osteodistraction procedure comprises (a) partitioning a bone into a first bone segment and a second bone segment, (b) moving at least one of the first and second bone segments to produce a space between the first and second bone segments, and (c) stimulating osteogenesis in the space, wherein stimulating osteogenesis comprises providing a composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and at least partially disposing an effective amount of the composition in the space. In some embodiments, steps (b) and (c) can be repeated as many times as necessary to lengthen the bone any desired amount.

In some embodiments of methods of the present invention, applying the composition comprises injecting the composition in a site of bone distraction. In some embodiments, injecting comprises percutaneous injection of the composition in the distraction site. In another embodiment, the composition is injected into an open or surgically exposed site of bone distraction. In a further embodiment, applying the composition comprises disposing (e.g. spreading) the composition in a site of bone distraction with a spatula or other device.

In various embodiments, the composition can be injected into the implantation site through e.g. a 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 gauge needle.

In some embodiments of methods of the present invention, the biocompatible matrix comprising a bone scaffolding material. In some embodiments, the biocompatible matrix comprises a bone scaffolding material and a biocompatible binder.

In some embodiments, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the distraction phase of an osteodistraction procedure. In other embodiments, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the consolidation phase following bone distraction. In a further embodiment, a composition of the present invention is applied to at least one site of bone distraction during the distraction and consolidation phases.

In various embodiments, the bone may be lengthened a total of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 10 mm, at least about 12 mm, at least about 15 mm, at least about 20 mm, at least about 25 mm, at least about 30 mm, at least about 35 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about 75 mm, at least about 100 mm, at least about 125 mm, at least about 150 mm, at least about 175 mm, at least about 200 mm. In various embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by at least about 0.1 mm, at least about 0.2 mm, at least about 0.3 mm, at least about 0.4 mm, at least about 0.5 mm, at least about 0.6 mm, at least about 0.7 mm, at least about 0.8 mm, at least about 0.9 mm, at least about 1.0 mm per distraction step (e.g. during step (b) above). In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm per distraction step. In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 0.8 mm to about 1.2 mm per distraction step. In some embodiments, the first and second bone segments are separated by about 1 mm per distraction step.

In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, the composition is applied to the distraction site once. In various embodiments, the composition is applied to the distraction site at least twice, at least three times, at least four times, at least five times, at least six times, at least eight times, at least ten times during the distraction and/or consolidation phases. In various embodiments, the composition may be administered to the distraction site more than once daily, daily, every other day, every third day, every fourth day, every fifth day, every six day, every week, or less than once per week during the distraction and/or consolidation phases.

In various embodiments, there is a significant increase in bone volume (mm³) and/or bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the new tissue within about 1 week, within about 2 weeks, within about 3 weeks, within about 4 weeks, within about 5 weeks, within about 6 weeks, within about 7 weeks, within about 8 weeks, within about 9 weeks, or within about 10 weeks of beginning dosing with the composition, as compared with untreated and matrix controls. In various embodiments, there is a significant increase in bone volume (mm³) and/or bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the new tissue within about 1 week, within about 2 weeks, within about 3 weeks, within about 4 weeks, within about 5 weeks, within about 6 weeks, within about 7 weeks, within about 8 weeks, within about 9 weeks, or within about 10 weeks of cessation of dosing with the composition, as compared with untreated and matrix controls.

As provided herein, osteodistraction procedures, according to embodiments of the present invention, comprise those used in the treatment of bilateral mandibular hypoplasia, hemifacial microsomia, congenital short femur, fibular hemimelia, hemiatrophy, achondroplasia, neurofibromatosis, bow legs, growth plate fractures, bone defects, craniofacial applications, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and poliomyelitis.

In some embodiments, a methods of the present invention further comprise providing at least one pharmaceutical composition in addition to the composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix and administering the at least one pharmaceutical composition locally and/or systemically. The at least one pharmaceutical composition, in some embodiments, comprises vitamins, such as vitamin D₃, calcium supplements, or any osteoclast inhibitor known to one of skill in the art, including bisphosphonates. In some embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered locally. In such embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition can be incorporated into the biocompatible matrix or otherwise disposed in and around a site of bone distraction. In other embodiments, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered systemically to a patient. In some embodiments, for example, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered orally to a patient. In another embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously to a patient.

The following examples will serve to further illustrate the present invention without, at the same time, however, constituting any limitation thereof. On the contrary, it is to be clearly understood that resort may be had to various embodiments, modifications and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Example 1 Preparation of a Composition Comprising a Solution of PDGF and a Biocompatible Matrix

A composition comprising a solution of PDGF and a biocompatible matrix was prepared according to the following procedure.

A pre-weighed block of biocompatible matrix comprising β-TCP and collagen was obtained. The β-TCP comprised β-TCP particles having an average size ranging from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. The β-TCP particles were formulated with about 20 weight percent soluble Type I bovine collagen binder. Such a β-TCP/collagen biocompatible matrix can be commercially obtained from Kensey Nash (Exton, Pa.).

A solution comprising rhPDGF-BB was obtained. rhPDGF-BB is commercially available from Novartis Corporation at a stock concentration of 10 mg/ml (i.e., Lot # QA2217) in a sodium acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB is produced in a yeast expression system by Novartis Corporation and is derived from the same production facility as the rhPDGF-BB that is utilized in the products REGRANEX, (Johnson &Johnson) and GEM 21S (BioMimetic Therapeutics) which has been approved for human use by the United States Food and Drug Administration. This rhPDGF-BB is also approved for human use in the European Union and Canada. The rhPDGF-BB solution was diluted to 0.3 mg/ml in the sodium acetate buffer. The rhPDGF-BB solution can be diluted to any desired concentration according to embodiments of the present invention.

A ratio of about 3 ml of rhPDGF-BB solution to about 1 g dry weight of the β-TCP/collagen biocompatible matrix was used to produce the composition. The rhPDGF-BB solution was expelled on the biocompatible matrix with a syringe, and the resulting composition was blended and molded into a thin strand for insertion into a syringe for injection into a site of bone distraction.

Example 2 Preparation of a Composition Comprising a Solution of PDGF and a Biocompatible Matrix

A composition comprising a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix was prepared according to the following procedure.

A dry matrix of soluble bovine collagen weighing about 50 mg was obtained from Kensey Nash of Exton, Pa. The collagen matrix was added to a 1.5 ml microfuge test tube. 1.0 ml of a rhPDGF-BB solution in 20 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) was added to the test tube containing the collagen matrix. The concentration of the rhPDGF-BB buffer solution was 0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB. However, any desired concentration of rhPDGF-BB can be used. The collagen matrix soaked in the rhPDGF-BB buffer solution for about 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the collagen matrix was removed from the test tube, inverted, and replaced in the test tube to assist in the hydration procedure. The collagen matrix was left in the test tube containing the rhPDGF-BB solution for an additional five minutes.

The hydrated collagen matrix and any remaining rhPDGF-BB solution in the test tube were placed in a sterile Petri dish. The hydrated collagen matrix and any remaining rhPDGF-BB solution was mixed with a sterile spatula to complete the hydration procedure. The hydrated collagen matrix was disposed in a first 3 ml syringe. Once in the first syringe, the hydrated collagen matrix was extruded into a second 3 ml syringe. The hydrated collagen matrix was subsequently extruded back into the first 3 ml syringe. The back and forth extrusion of the hydrated collagen matrix between the first and second syringes was performed 3 times to convert the hydrated collagen matrix into a flowable putty. Extrusion between the first and second syringes occurred through the open bores of the syringes with no needles attached.

After three cycles, a 16 gauge needle was added to the 3 ml syringe containing the hydrated collagen matrix, and the hydrated collagen matrix was extruded through the 16 gauge needle. The hydrated collagen matrix was subsequently extruded through a 20 gauge needle and loaded in to a 1 ml syringe for disposition at a site of bone distraction.

Example 3 Method of Performing an Osteodistraction Procedure

83 male Sprague Dawley rats (age about 6 months old, weight 400-500 g) were randomly divided into five treatment groups as provided in Table 1. Each rat underwent a unilateral mid-diaphyseal femoral lengthening (See Moore et al. J. Orthop. Res. 2003, 21:489-496). A custom, distractable four-pin monolateral fixator was applied to the right femur, followed by a periosteal-sparing mid-diaphyseal corticotomy to allow femoral lengthening. The wounds were closed in layers and the animals were returned to their cages and allowed unrestricted weight bearing. Following a seven day latency period, the femurs were lengthened 0.17 mm two times per day for 21 days, for a total lengthening of 7 mm.

TABLE 1 Treatment Strategy Number of Treatment Groups Animals 1) Buffer (0.2M sodium acetate) 17 2) Injectable Collagen-Buffer (0.2M sodium acetate) 16 3) Injectable Collagen-/PDGF (0.1 mg/ml PDGF) 16 4) Injectable Collagen-/PDGF (0.3 mg/ml PDGF) 17 5) Injectable Collagen-/PDGF (1.0 mg/ml PDGF) 17 Total 83

rhPDGF-BB solution or buffer was mixed with injectable, soluble bovine collagen in the concentrations delineated in Table 1. The soluble bovine collagen was obtained from Kensey Nash of Exton, Pa. and combined with the PDGF solution or sodium acetate buffer according to the procedure in Example 2.

On post-operative days 7, 14, 21, and 28, as set forth in the treatment and data acquisition scheme of Table 2, 50 μl of the assigned composition was injected in to the distraction gap of each animal in each treatment group. Administering 50 μl of the assigned composition resulted in the animals of Group 3 receiving 5 μg of rhPDGF-BB while the animals of Groups 4 and 5 received 15 μg and 50 μg of rhPDGF-BB respectively. Healing was followed every two weeks with radiographs taken with a high-resolution cabinet x-ray system (Faxitron MX 20 X-Ray, Faxitron X-Ray Corporation, Wheeling, Ill.).

TABLE 2 Treatment and Data Acquisition Scheme for All Groups Day 1 7* 14* 21* 28* 35 42 49 56 63 Injection: ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ Faxitron X-ray ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ μCT & Histology ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ (n = 3/pt) *Distraction Phase

Animals (n=3) from each group were humanely sacrificed on post-operative days 35, 42, 49, 56, and 63. At sacrifice, the femurs were removed en bloc and placed in formalin. High-resolution 3-D images (16 μm isometric voxel size) were generated of a 16.5 mm region at the mid-diaphysis via micro-computed tomography (μCT40, Scanco Medical AG, Bassersdorf, CH). The original scanned images were segmented using a low-pass noise reducing filter (σ=1, support=1.0) and fixed threshold (316), and volume renderings were generated for visualization. New bone formation (BV) and bone volume fraction in the callus (BV/TV) were then calculated from a 6.4 mm (400-slice) segment centered in the distraction gap using the scanner system's built-in image processing software. Union was assessed by inspection of the volume renderings for bone bridging.

All data was analyzed using SAS® version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.). Post hoc comparisons were performed using the Holm test, with alpha maintained ≦0.05. Prior to analysis, the BV data was logarithmically transformed to reduce positive skewness (Shapiro-Wilk p=0.28 after transform). Afterwards geometric means were back-translated for presentation.

The radiographs revealed new bone formation within the distraction gap in each of Groups 3-5 receiving a rhPDGF-BB-collagen composition. On day 28, new bone formation in control Groups 1 and 2 ranked significantly lower than new bone formation in Groups 3-5. Moreover, new bone formation in Group 4 (0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) ranked significantly higher than new bone formation in Group 5 (1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) and control Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05 for all). On day 42, Group 4 (0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) ranked significantly higher in new bone formation than control Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05).

Mixed linear analysis of the BV and BV/TV data revealed statistically significant differences between control Groups 1 and 2 and Groups 3-5 (p<0.0001 for both BV and BV/TV) at various sacrifice time points. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate BV and BY/TV values for Groups 1-5 at each sacrifice time point. New bone formation was lowest in control Groups 1 and 2, which were not significantly different from one another at any time point. BV in Group 3 (0.1 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on day 56 (p<0.05), and BV in Group 5 (1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on days 42 and 49 (p<0.05 for both). BV in Group 4 (0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on days 42, 49 and 56 (p=0.0002, p=0.0002 and p<0.0001, respectively).

Moreover, BV/TV in Group 3 (0.1 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on day 49 (p=0.0009). BV/TV in Group 5 (1.0 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on days 42 and 49 (p=0.0019 and p<0.0001, respectively), and BV/TV in Group 4 (0.3 mg/ml rhPDGF-BB) was greater than that in control Groups 1 and 2 on days 42, 49 and 56 (p=0.0007, p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively).

Inspection of the μCT images suggested there was a general increase in the rate of bone bridging in Groups 3-5 receiving a rhPDGF-BB composition. As provided in Table 3, the union rate of the animals in Groups 3-5 at the time of sacrifice was significantly greater than that of the combined controls (40.3% vs. 4.55%, respectively, p=0.0127)

TABLE 3 μCT Assessed Bone Union Sacri- Treatment Group fice Acetate + Time Collagen + Acetate + Acetate + point Acetate Acetate + 0.1 mg/mL Collagen + Collagen + (days) Buffer Collagen rhPDGF-BB 0.3 mg/mL 1.0 mg/mL 35 0/3 0/1 0/3 0/3 0/3 42 0/3 0/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 49 0/3 0/2 1/3 1/3 1/3 56 0/2 0/1 2/3 2/3 0/3 63 0/3 1/1 2/3 4/4 2/4 Total 1/22 (4.55%) 19/47 (40.43%)

From the results of the present study, the administration of compositions comprising rhPDGF-BB to distraction sites significantly increases new bone formation during the distraction procedure and accelerates bone union.

All patents, publications and abstracts cited above are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. It should be understood that the foregoing relates only to preferred embodiments of the present invention and that numerous modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims. 

1. A method of stimulating osteogenesis in a bone distraction procedure, wherein the osteogenesis stimulation consists of: applying an effective amount of a composition consisting of a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix to at least one site of bone distraction, wherein the PDGF solution consists of PDGF in a buffer, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, wherein the biocompatible matrix: (i) consists of a porous calcium phosphate, (ii) consists of collagen and a porous calcium phosphate, (iii) consists of an allograft, or (iv) consists of collagen and an allograft, wherein the calcium phosphate or allograft comprises interconnected pores, and wherein the calcium phosphate or allograft consists of particles in a range of about 100 to about 5000 microns in size.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied during the distraction phase of the osteodistraction procedure.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied during the consolidation phase of the osteodistraction procedure.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied during the distraction and consolidation phases of the osteodistraction procedure.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises accelerating bone consolidation following bone distraction.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is applied to the site at least twice.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of a porous calcium phosphate.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate comprises β-TCP.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 microns to about 1000 microns in size.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 1000 microns to about 3000 microns in size.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 microns to about 300 microns in size.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the biocompatible matrix is resorbable such that at least about 80% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within about one year of being implanted.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate is capable of absorbing an amount of the PDGF solution that is equal to at least about 25% of the weight of the calcium phosphate.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of a porous calcium phosphate and collagen.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the buffer is sodium acetate.
 19. The method of claim 7, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the composition.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of collagen and β-TCP in a ratio of about 20:80.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is injectable.
 22. A method of performing an osteodistraction procedure comprising: (a) partitioning a bone into a first bone segment and a second bone segment; (b) moving at least one of the first and second bone segments to form a space between the first and second bone segments; and (c) stimulating osteogenesis in the space, wherein stimulating osteogenesis consists of applying an effective amount of a composition consisting of a PDGF solution disposed in a biocompatible matrix to the space; wherein the PDGF solution consists of PDGF in a buffer, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution in a concentration ranging from about 0.01 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml, wherein the biocompatible matrix: (i) consists of a porous calcium phosphate, (ii) consists of collagen and a porous calcium phosphate, (iii) consists of an allograft, or (iv) consists of collagen and an allograft, wherein the calcium phosphate or allograft comprises interconnected pores, and wherein the calcium phosphate or allograft consists of particles in a range of about 100 to about 5000 microns in size.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising repeating steps (b) and (c) a number of times necessary to lengthen the bone a desired amount.
 24. The method of claim 9, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 25. The method of claim 11, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 26. The method of claim 12, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 27. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate comprises β-TCP.
 28. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 29. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 250 microns to about 1000 microns in size.
 30. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 1000 microns to about 3000 microns in size.
 31. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of particles in a range of about 100 microns to about 300 microns in size.
 32. The method of claim 15, wherein the biocompatible matrix is resorbable such that at least about 80% of the calcium phosphate is resorbed within about one year of being implanted.
 33. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate is capable of absorbing an amount of the PDGF solution that is equal to at least about 25% of the weight of the calcium phosphate.
 34. The method of claim 15, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml.
 35. The method of claim 15, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.3 mg/ml.
 36. The method of claim 15, wherein the buffer is sodium acetate.
 37. The method of claim 15, wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity that facilitates cell migration into the composition.
 38. The method of claim 29, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF comprises PDGF-BB, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of collagen and β-TCP in a ratio of about 20:80.
 40. The method of claim 30, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF comprises PDGF-BB, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 41. The method of claim 40, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of collagen and β-TCP in a ratio of about 20:80.
 42. The method of claim 31, wherein the calcium phosphate consists of β-TCP, wherein the PDGF comprises PDGF-BB, wherein the PDGF is present in the solution at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml to about 1.0 mg/ml, and wherein the calcium phosphate has a porosity greater than about 40%.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the biocompatible matrix consists of collagen and β-TCP in a ratio of about 20:80.
 44. The method of claim 15, wherein the composition is injectable.
 45. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is molded to the contours of the site.
 46. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is spread over at least one bone surface. 